ABSTRACT
The efficiency and effectiveness of any organization weather small or big depends on the people that manage it. And manning an organization has been a serious problem of small and medium scale companies like Nigeria and because of this, these companies have not been able to achieve their goals. It is against this background that this research work was conducted to investigate such problems as sources of recruitment and selection of workers, human resources development and motivational factors in these companies. The following findings were made after analyzing the data also the research adopted a descriptive method of survey; the sample method used was random sampling method .Both primary and secondary source of data were used to obtain relevant information. The industries have a total population of 80 employees and sample size of 50,which is drawn from the total population using yaro yamani formula.120 questionnaires were distributed,100 were received, and in chapter 4 the data collected were analyzed using the sample percentage technique. The major findings was that the management in small and medium scale industries needs a change to enhance employee performance therefore owners should employee the assistance of consultant firm in recruiting and selecting their workers.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Study
The rate of increase in population in the world is fast growing especially in developing countries like Nigeria, that societal demands for essential goods and services are so much on the increase that government owned companies and industries cannot meet up with these demands. The government being aware of these pertinent problems created a healthy environment in which some multi-nationals, the societal demands for services and goods have been satisfied, but not completely.
Further, since human beings are insatiable and the satisfaction of a problem leads to another, the society at large demanded for some other smaller commodities in which the government owned and multi-national companies couldn’t meet up with the demands because of either disturbance in their production schedules or the small quantities demanded. The government therefore gave legal authority by way of edicts to interested individuals to establish their own small-scale companies of their choice. Not only that they were given legal authority, they were given loans by government to set up financial institutions to monitor and supervise the operations of these small scale industries.
Agason Nigeria limited an example of such a small scale company established under such edicts: it is purely a one man business which was established in 1990, but it started production in 1994. It is a soap manufacturing company located in Owerri industrial layout in Imo state and has a staff capacity of thirty, made up of three supervisors graduates, and the rest of the staff are semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Her products are Anchor quality bar soap, ladder bar soap, Anchor and ladder tablets.
The organizational structure is such that the owner does all the managerial functions and every worker is expected to report to him before any actions are taken. But the company has not really received the financial assistant from banks because of lack of personnel and poor managerial capability of the owner. But it should be noted that whatever may be the organizational goals or activities of any company, it can only be achieved and implemented through effort and capabilities of people. Otherwise the organizational structure must be manned and staff properly. Therefore it can clearly be put that the appropriate management of human resources is an essential responsibilities in all business regardless of size, in fact, the smaller the business, the less important it is to select the right persons for the right job.
The question now become who then selects the right person and how did it start in small scale organizations. Small scale organization has been with man, since the creation of man. Man has produced controlled and sold his commodities before now, and it is on history that every organization started as a small scale. During the early stages, man was regarded as an adjunct to machine which will be used fullest and discarded when not productive. This theory is regarded as “factor of production approach” or “commodity approach” and was founded by Taylor and his associates. It is the scientific management principle, and they argued that if wages are tied to the units produced, a worker will produce more units to get more money.
This approach gave rise to paternalistic management; which means management should show a fatherly protection towards the employees. It was predominant during the 1920s and replaced the commodity approach. The paternalistic benefits ranged from loans and appointment of welfare officers whose duty was to improve the welfare of employees.
During the 19th century, some group of persons tried to intervene in industrial affairs to support the position of underprivileged factory workers at the mercy of greedy employees. This process was known as social reformer and was greatly propounded by Lord Shaftesbury and Robert Owen they stood outside the organization and work place to criticize the behavior of employers and induce some changes. Personnel manager were appointed and provided with the frame of reference for the appointees to work within. It is important to that these companies under study were small scale companies. The social reformer gave birth to the “Benevolence” which was the next stage of personnel management and was developed by Quaker Families of Cadbury and Rowntree and the Lever brothers it appointed welfare officers who were given specific responsibilities for improving the lot of employees. They provided goodies for the employees because they partly desired them and they included childcare and health screening the benevolence lead to the “human official” or “Benevolent Approach “. At this stage, employing organization were taken a further step in increasing their size, specialization was emerging in the management levels and it led to the growth of personnel work , which is known as “staffing “. The human relations school of thought influenced the human bureaucracy stage in the development of personnel thinking, which was in many ways a reaction against scientific management.
The human relation approach appealed immediately to those who were concerned about industrial conflict and the bad results from scientific management. The main advocate was Elton mayo (1993). The central idea was to emphasize informal social relationships and employee morale as contributions to organizational efficiency. It let to the concern, collective opinion or negotiation stage where appointed as their accredited representatives. Employee shifted towards bargaining with the representatives on at least some matters. The personnel manager actively participated in the bargaining since he had acquired bargaining expertise.
The human relations view gave a number of benefits to employees; they were paternalistic determined by management with more input from employees. Management felt the need to maintain good relations with employees because it believed this would lead to high performance. It thus, provided benefits not because employees demanded or needed such benefits but because it wanted to buy over the employees as a strategy for achieving its own objectives. It was popularized by the Hawthorn studies, which demonstrated the effect of framework and co-operation on performance.
The last stage is the manpower analyst, associated with the terms “management of human resources”. There is also the use of manpower planning in which organizations utilize and improve human resources. It assesses what manpower will be needed, decides what manpower in an organization is likely to have in the future, and take actions to ensure that supply meets demands.
This last stage is where the problems of personnel management lie in small scale organizations; this research will look deeply into the functions and problems of personnel management and ways of improving and combating them.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
Personnel management in small medium scale industries has been faced with multi-dimensional problems. Personnel is one of our most complex and challenging fields or endeavors, this is because it is this function that integrates the interest of the organization-that of the employee and the society at large. The success of an organization depends largely on the activity of her personnel. And in the light of the foregoing, these questions were found relevant to guild the present research effort:
1. What are the sources of recruitment in Agason Nigeria Limited?
2. What are the sources of human resources development in Agason Nigeria Limited?
III. What are the basics for wages and salary administration in small scale organizations?
1. What are the motivational factors in Agason Nigeria Limited?
2. Is the owner aware of internal and external assessments within and outside the organization?
3. Does lack of fund impede the implementation of personnel functions in Agason Nigeria limited?
VII. What are personnel functions in small-scale organizations like Agason Nigeria limited?
VIII. What are future prospects of personnel management in small scale organizations like Agason Nigeria limited?
1.3 Objective Of The Study
The search for solutions to the problems and prospects of personnel management in small scale organizations has almost proved abortive. These problems are multifarious and the purpose of this research is to reduce these problems to the minimum and make small scale industries achieve or attain the purpose of which they were set up. Therefore the specific objectives of this research could be narrowed down as follows:
1) To determine whether or not human resources development affects the organizational efficiency of Agason Nigeria Limited.
2) To find out if motivation of workers helps in achieving the goals of Agason Nigeria Limited.
3) To determine if wrong selection and recruitment of workers has a negative effect on Agason Nigeria limited.
1.4 Hypotheses
The following hypotheses have been derived from the statement of problem and objectives of study as enumerated above.
1) H₁ human resources development affects the organizational efficiency of Agason Nigeria limited.
2) H₂ motivation of workers helps in achieving the goal of Agason Nigeria limited.
3) H₃ wrong selection and recruitment of workers has a negative effect on Agason Nigeria limited.
1.5 Significance Of The Study
The importance on the roles small and medium scale industries play in any country cannot be overstressed; these industries have therefore to be manned and staffed rightly in order to achieve these sole aims. This research could serve as a guideline for other researchers. Further, it is of academic interest of knowing, if the staffing and selection policies and productivity have a positive or negative correlation, and it will help in evaluating, if the objectives have been achieved. Organizational managers and policy formulator will gain a lot, if they are aware of these factors that spur or inhabit their employees to or from performance.
Finally, it is the hope of the researcher that small and medium scale organizations that do not have personnel managers should do so, because the owner of these companies cannot be perfect in all areas.
1.6 Scope Of The Study
This research focuses on the personnel problems of Agason Nigeria limited from 1994 to date. Since is a company based in Owerri, the researcher may be constrained to use certain information internally. Of the three supervisors and twenty staff were administered with questionnaire, also thirty other workers from three other small scale organizations around the industrial area were given questionnaires who have stayed up to five years in each of these companies, which were used in this study.
1.7 Operational Definition Of Terms
Under the operational definition of terms, the terms are to be defined operationally, that is, how they affect the study. The terms are listed below.
1. SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES: The definition of small and medium scale industries vary within a country. In Thailand different agencies use different criteria to classify small and medium enterprises.
1. The ministry of industry uses employment and equity figures to define them as legally registered factories.
Small Scale enterprise
Medium scale enterprise
Employment Criteria
Equity Criteria
>50 employees 50-200 employees
>10 million baht 10-100million baht
Meanwhile, the bank of Thailand, the small industry finance co-operation (SIFC) and the industrial finance co-operation of Thailand (IFCT) adopted another definition based on net fixed assets.
Small –scale
Medium -scale
Net Fixed asset >20 million baht None
In Nigeria, it has various definitions according to different set up. Firstly, the small business enterprise are those whose total investment is limited to amount not in the large scale category and therefore do not have economics of scale on their own right.
1. Low set up capital
2. Short gestation period
III. Small labour force
1. Use of simple technology
2. The small business Act of 1953, defined small business as firms as one which is independently owned, operated and not dominant is its field of operation. The act says that business is one, which is owned, managed controlled by one or two persons and has no defined organizational structure, has a relatively small share of the market and employees less than 50 people.
3. The National council on industry in 1996 defines small enterprises as those in which the capital (working capital inclusive) falls within N 1million to N10million Naira with a marketed labour of between 11people. While medium enterprise is above N10 million Naira but not Exceeding N150 million and with labour force of between 35 and 100 people.
4. The central bank of Nigeria credit policy and loans as one whose total cost excluding cost of land but including working capital is above N1 million but does not exceed N10 million.
5. The small scale industries division of federal ministries of industries defines it as an enterprise having investment capital (including land, building, machinery, and equipment and working capital of up to N150,000 and employing not more than 50 people).
6. The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (NBCI) for the purpose of its revolving loan scheme to small scale industries defined small–scale enterprise as those investigating more than N750,000 including working capital but exceeding the cost of land.
2. RECRUITMENT
Recruitment and selection are so are so interchangeably used in the employment process. But Guion’s (1965) comment on recruitment portrays an all embracing view. Recruitment also includes the simple device of keeping the door to the employment office open so that application may walk in off the street. Fleishmann (1967) appear to be more forthright, when he emphasizes that organization reach out for candidates through “visit by company executives to college campuses”.
Ungreson (1970) says recruitment is a process, the capacities and inclination of the candidate has to be matched against the demands and requirements of the given job or career pattern.
There are two sources of recruitment; internal and external sources.
1. a) INTERNAL SOURCES: Here, the organization prepares a comprehensive program of talents inventory and analysis to enable the personnel department to establish the correct standing of employees and stability for promotions and transfers. It is done within the organization.
2. b) EXTERNAL SOURCES: Organization goes outside to recruit for position whose conditions and specification cannot be met by existing personnel, for expansion and for lower –entry jobs. The external sources include words of mouth, advertisement, government employing agencies, schools and colleges just to mention a few.
3. SELECTION
According to Blum & Naylor (1968) selection, “involves picking for hire a subset of workers from the total set (population) of workers available for hire at any given moment of time”.
Anastasia (1965) defines personnel selection problem “as choosing from a number of available applicants, a smaller number of available applicants, a smaller number to be hired for hired for a given job”.
4. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
It is known also known as employee training. Training is a learning process that involves the acquisition of skills by employees to enable them increases their performance. It is one of the most vital aspects of personnel management, because the success and failure of any organization is depends on the caliber of the human element. There are many forms of human resources development; these include orientation and induction, refresher course, management seminars, conferences and workshops and the job-training.
REFERENCE
1. Edwin Flippo, personnel management, London McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980.
2. Emma Chukwuemeka et al, Public Administration and Development, The Nigeria Experience, Enugu Computer Edge 2001.
3. N.C Abah, public personnel Administration Enugu, JOEN Associate 1983
4. Richard .J. Stillman, Business Management, Boston and Toronto, Little, Brown & Company 1983.
5. Dr.E.K Ikeagwu, personnel Management Lecture Notes for Postgraduate Student, 2001.
6. Okwudili, Chime Lecture Note on Small Business Management for Postgraduate Students, 2001.
7. Small and Medium Enterprise working group, http//www Taipei.org/press/smea.htm30/7/2001
8. Preparing C L V for AFTA; Lessons from Experiences of ASEANCompanies,http://www.aim.edu.ph/research/faculty-paper/CLV/chap-2.httm.
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