Articles Tagged with ABIA STATE)

THE ROLE OF RATIO ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS DECISIONS A CASE STUDY OF O. JACO BROS. ENT. (NIG.) LTD., ABA, ABIA STATE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Dedication ii

Certification iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of Contents v

Abstract vi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information 1

1.2 Statement of Problem 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study 5

1.4 Research Question 6

1.5 Significance of the Study 6

1.6 Scope of the Study 7

1.7 Limitation of Study 8

1.8 Definition of Terms used in the Study 9

1.9 Brief Historical Background of O. Jaco Bros.

Ent. (Nig.) Ltd, Aba, Abia State. 11

REFERENCE 13

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Financial Statement Analysis 15

2.3 Parties Interested in Financial Statement Analysis 16

2.4 Objectives of Financial Statement analysis 17

2.5 Sources of Information for financial

Statement Analysis 18

2.6 Tools and Techniques of Financial

Statement Analysis 19

2.7 Uses and Objectives of Ratio Analysis 28

2.8 Types of Ratio Analysis 29

2.8.1 Univariate Ratio Analysis 29

2.8.2 Multivariate Ratio Analysis 62

2.9 Limitations of Ratio Analysis 67

Reference 71

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 72

3.2 Research Design 72

3.3 Data Collection Technique 72

3.4 Population 73

3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Technique 74

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection 75

3.7 Questionnaires Administration 75

Reference 76

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Data presentation and Analysis 77

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 86

5.2 Summary and Discussion of Findings 86

5.3 Recommendations 88

5.4 Conclusion 89

Reference 91

BIBLIOGRAPHY 91

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Research Questionnaire to the

Management and Staff of O. Jaco Bros. Ent.

(Nig.) Ltd., Aba. 94

ABSTRACT

Accounting information provided by means of financial statements- The income statement and the Balance Sheet are often in summarized form. Viewed on the surface, the truths about the results and the financial position of a business hidden in them remain veiled. To be of optimal benefit and as well enable the users make well – informed decisions, financial statements need to be analyzed by means of ratios. Therefore, in order to establish the role of ratio analysis in business decisions, this research is carried out, using O. Jaco Bros. Ent. (Nig.) LTD., Aba Abia State as the Case study. The researcher made use of both primary and secondary sources of data collection. However, for the former, questionnaires were administered, whereas for the later, relevant were received. The data Collected via the primary data sources were analyzed using simple averages and percentages. After ratios analysis conducted on the chapter four, mode at 95 level of confidence (5% level of significance). Finally, it was established that ratios analysis evils business decision.

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A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF TAXATION ON REVENUE GENERATION OF GOVERNMENT (A STUDY OF BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The tax system is one of the most powerful levies available to any government to stimulate and guide its economic and social development. The serious decline in price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the Federal and State Governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing source (Afuberoh, D. and Okoye, E., 2014).
Aguolu (2004), states that though taxation may not be the most important source of revenue to the government in terms of the magnitude of revenue derivable from taxation, however, taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government, from the point of view of certainty, and consistency of taxation.
Aguolu (2004) further mentioned that taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government. Owing to the inherent power of the government to impose taxes, the government is assured at all times of its tax revenue no matter the circumstances.
This study focuses on identifying the means taxation has been utilized to promote fiscal redistribution of income, identify problems that militate against the use of taxation as revenue generation in Abia State and to identify the use of taxation to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed over the years that income tax revenue has generally been grossly understated due to improper tax administration arising from under assessment and inefficient machinery for collection. In Nigeria revenue derived from income taxes has been grossly understated due to improper tax administration, assessment and collection (Ola, 2001; Oluba, 2008; Adegbie and Fakile, 2011). Persons and companies are known to routinely evade and avoid taxes due to corrupt practices and the existence of various loopholes in the tax laws.
Therefore, the success or failure of any tax system depends on the extent to which it is properly managed; the extent to which the tax law is properly interpreted and implemented. This study tries to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of Nigeria.
ii) To find out whether revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State.
iii) To assess whether taxation is a major tools for revenue generation in Abia State.
iv) To find out the problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax.
v) To give possible solutions to the identified problems in Board of Internal Revenue, Abia State.
vi) To make useful recommendations based on the findings of this study.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i) Has taxation impacted on revenue generation of Nigeria?
ii) Does revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State?
iii) Is taxation a major tool for revenue generation in Abia State?
iv) Are there any problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this research work is to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government. Thus, this study will at a wide-range be of benefit to the society at large, as it will highlight the importance of taxation in the society.
This study would also be of benefit to employers and employees of Board of Internal Revenue Service Abia State, who has been causing cases of tax evasion and non-disbursement of tax income as to the consequences of their acts and those that boom the burden.
It would also be of immense benefits to students of higher learning who may wish to carry out research on the similar topic.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is Board on Internal Revenue Service, Abia State and upon the research topic which is critical assessment of the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The limitation major to this study was inability of management to divulge certain information which they consider sensitive and fear of publication which might be detrimental to their operation.
Another limitation to the study is time constraint. The period within which the study is conducted is short for a thorough research work, hence gathering adequate information becomes very difficult.
Also, finance is one of the limitations to the study. They researcher facing financial constraints to meet all the needed educational requirements including this research work. This caused the researcher to restrict his research work to one State for possible completion of the study.
Also, distance and traffic congestion is one of the limitations of the study. The researcher faced challenges of meeting up the respondents in their offices due long distance from Akwa Ibom to Abia State to obtained information as well as traffics congestions.
Finally, lack of materials on the topic, therefore the researcher resolved to seek friendly approach in order to obtain the needed materials or information from the establishment or organization under study through the administration of questionnaire.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
a) TAXATION: This is the process of levying and collection of tax from taxable persons (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
b) TAX: This is a compulsory contribution imposed by the government on the citizens to pay as a source of income.
c) TAX EVASION: This is the deliberate and willful practice of not disclosing full taxable income so as to pay less tax or it is a contravention of the tax laws whereby a taxable person neglect to pay the tax due or reduces tax liability by making fraudulent or untrue claims on the income tax form (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
d) TAX AVOIDANCE: Tax avoidance has been defined as the arrangement of tax payer’s affairs using the tax shelters in the laws, and avoiding tax traps in the laws, so as to pay less tax than he or she would otherwise pay (Soyode & Kayola 2006).

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We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 3022179389
Bank: FIRST BANK.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 2060566256
Bank: UBA.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 0042695344
Bank: Diamond

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

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CAUTION/WARNING
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THE ROLE OF RATIO ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS DECISIONS A CASE STUDY OF O. JACO BROS. ENT. (NIG.) LTD., ABA, ABIA STATE

INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The two primary objectives of every business are profitability and solvency. Profitability is the ability of a business to make profit, while solvency is the ability of a business to pay debts as they come due. (Hermanson et al, 1992: 824). However, the achievement of these objectives requires efficient management of resources of the business through planning, budgeting, forecasting, control, and decision – making. Also, the strengths and weakness of the business need to be identified and necessary corrective measures applied. Interestingly, accounting provides information that facilitates these functions.
Basically, accounting measures and communicates economic information needed for decision –making. Thus, the American Accounting Association (in Okezie, 2002:1) defined accounting as “the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by the information”. Statement and the Balance Sheet. The Income Statement shows the profitability or profitability or operational result of a business, while the balance sheet shows the solvency or financial position of a business.
Although profiles are often used as the basis for judging the performance of a business, such profits must be related to the various items of the financial statements in order to be meaningful and useful for decision making. Furthermore, owing to the summarized nature of financial statements, a lot of truths are hidden in them. Thus, they need to the analyzed and interpreted by means of financial ratios to enable the users understand the meaning of the absolute amounts shown in them, and make informed business decisions.
In this regard, Essien (2006:144) observed:
Financial statements carry lots of financial Information that are hidden in the figures. The figures in financial statements become more useful when they are related to each other or to some other relevant financial data. Therefore, users of financial information go a further step to establish relationships (or ratios) among selected data in financial statements.
According to Igben (1999:423), “Accounting {or financial} ratio is a proportion or fraction or percentage expressing the relationship between one item in a set financial statements and another item in the financial statements. Accounting ratios are the most powerful of all tools used in analyzed and interpreting financial statements”. Therefore, ratio analysis involves taking stats of number (or items) out of financial statements and forming ratios with them, to enhance informed judgments and decisions (Lasher, 1997:66).
MCShane et al. (2000:336) defined decision-making as “a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the interior of moving toward some desired state of affairs.” Therefore, business decisions can be defined as choices relating to the allocation and/or use of business resources to achieve business goals.
Decision-making calls information. Bittel et al. (1984:340) observed: “Managers want information because they need to make decisions. The proper use of information is an important part of decision-making.” Remarkably, one of the effective ways of providing information needed for decision-making is ratio analysis.
Yes, business dictions of make or buy, investment or divestment, expansion or contration, capital-organization and reconstruction, and so on cannot be properly made without the aid of financial ratios. They give cue to the financial strengths and weaknesses of a business, and highlight aspects of a business requiring further investigation.
Therefore, this research is carried out to show ratio analysis help managers, shareholders, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders make informed judgments and decisions about the past performance, present condition, and futures potential of a business.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Financial information provided in financial statements are useful in business decisions. However, it must be noted that financial statements are means to an and not an end in themselves. Thus the use of financial statements in decision-making is not always easy owing to the following problems:
1. In view of the summarized nature of the information contained in financial statements, they need to be analyzed and interpreted by means of financial ratios to enable management and stakeholders understand them and make well-informed business decisions.
2. Many users of financial statements are not knowledgeable about accounting ratios and how the ratios can be applied to financial statements to aid decision-making.
3. Despite the immense benefits of ratio analysis, there are a lot of weaknesses or limitations associated with its use.
In view of the above stated problems, this research is embarked upon to identify the proper use of financial ratios, and the roles ratio analysis plays in business decisions.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In consideration of the problems identified above, the objective of this research include.
1. To show how ratio analysis facilitates proper understanding of information contained in financial statements.
2. To show how ratio analysis aids business decisions.
3. To examine the techniques used in analysis financial statements.
4. To identify the usefulness of financial ratios in measuring and predicting the performance and financial position of a business.
5. To unravel the obstacles to the proper use of financial ratios in business decisions.
6. To suggest on ways to enhance efficient use of ratio analysis in decision-making.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Is ratio analysis useful in evaluating and prediction the performance of a business as well as intensifying areas that regret improvement?
2. Do you agree with the fact that ratio analysis facilitates proper understanding of information contained in financial statements?
iii. Is ratio analysis useful to management investors, shareholders and creditors in their business divisions?
1. Does financial ratio helps to unravel the mass of truth hidden in financial statements?
2. Are there obstacles that affect the proper use of ratio analysis in business decisions?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is that on its completion, the following benefits will be derived:
1. The study will help management of O. Jaco Brros. Ent. (Nig.) Ltd, Aba and others to know how ratio analysis can help them understand the financial contained in financial statements and enhance their business decisions.
2. The findings of the research and the supportive reference materials will be of immense help to students in tertiary institutions and other researchers to investigate further in the area of study.
3. It is hoped that the result of the research will facilitate optimal business decisions when the recommendations are complied with.
4. The study will encourage businessmen, investors, managers, and government authorities to appreciate quantitative techniques like financial ratios when making economic and business decisions.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Akpakpan (2005:7), “scope of the study is the limits or boundary lines of the study. It is the areas covered by the research or the extent the researchers would go. Limitations of the study are hindrances or obstacles witnessed by the researcher in the course of the study. Which could influence his conclusions.”
In view of the impossibility of covering every type of financial statement, this study is therefore restricted to the analysis of the income statement and the Balance Sheet by means of financial ratios. However, other analytical techniques such as horizontal analysis, vertical analysis and termed analysis would also be explained and illustrated.
Finally, although University Ratio Analysis is the core of the study, nevertheless, multivariate Ratio Analysis would be partly illustrated using Du pont Equations.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
In the course of this research work, the researcher was faced with some constraints which plaved a limit he the ability and performance of the researcher encountered the following constraints among others.
1. Insufficient Financial: The researcher needed a lot of money to travel as far as Aba to collect the necessary data from the firm under syudy. Money was also required to visit secondary data sources such as the internet, libraries, professional bodies, and so on.
2. Lack of Co-Operation: The unco-operative attitudes of many employees of the firm under study were not encouraging. Some of them were so biased and prejudiced that did not care to understand the purpose of the research. This resulted to their failure to provide sufficient information required for proper completion of the study.
3. Time Pressure: Time allowed was not enough for thorough completion of the research, in consideration of the fact we were also facing other academic studies during the semester.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE STUDY
Accounting: The process of recording, summarizing, analysis and interpreting financial (money-related) activities to permit individuals and organizations to make informed judgments and decisions. (Dansby et al., 2000: 1033).
Balance Sheet: A financial statement containing assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity or capital at a particular data or at the end of a particular period, to show the financial position of a organization. (Akpakpan, 2002:106).
Business: An activity, enterprise or organization established to provide goods and services at a profit, in order to satisfy human wants. (Ikon,2004:2).
Business Decision: Choices made on matters relating to the allocation and/or use of business resources for making, buying, selling, or supplying goods or services at a profit.
Decision-Making: A mental process by which an individual or group of individuals gather data and make a choice between two or more alternative courses action. (Ayandele, 2005:3).
Financial Ratio: A proportion, fraction, or percentage expressing the relationship between one item ion sett of financial statements and another item in the same financial statements. (Igben, 1999:423).
Financial Statement: Quantitative information on the economic activities of an organization prepared to show the result and the financial position of the entity, often presented in terms of Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Funds flow statement, and so on.
Income Statement: A financial statement often referred to as the trading and profit loss account, matching revenues against expense to show the profitability or operational results of an enterprise over a period of time, such as a month or year. (Hermanson et al. 1992:25).
Ratio: A fractional relationship of one number (or itme) to another. (Dansby et al. 2000:1047).
Ratio Analysis: A systematic review of accounting data by establishing relationships among various figures on the financial statements which bring together the results of the activities a business. (Omuya, 1983:430).
Role: The degree to which somebody or something is involved in a situation or an actively and the effect that they have on it. (Hornby et al.2000:1021).
1.9 BRIFF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF O. JACO BROS. ENT. (NIG). LTD. ABA STATE
1. Jaco Bros. Ent. (Nig) Ltd, Aba, Abia Sate was established in 1982. It started as a sole proprietorship business owned, runned, and managed by Nze Josephat Okolocha.
The firm is a trading concern. It specialized in sale, marketing, and distribution of various kinds of motorcycles, spare parts, and electric generators.
Meanwhile, in line with outstanding growth witnessed by the firm in the last couple of years, the organization is now an incorporated private limited liability company since 1999.
At present, the company has a total asset base of over N50 million and employs more than 30 workers. It has 6 branches. 4 in Aba, 1 in port Harcourt, and in Ekwulobia (Anambra State).
The head office located at 59, Jubilee Road, Aba, Abia State, (which is the center focus of this study), has 4 departments: the sales and marketing department, the purchasing and supply department, the Administration and personnel department, and the finance and Accounts Department.

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HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08140350866 or 08058580848

(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 3022179389
Bank: FIRST BANK.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 2060566256
Bank: UBA.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 0042695344
Bank: Diamond

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08058580848, 08140350866

YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:
YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:

www.greatmindsprojectmaterials.com
www.greatmindsprojectsolution.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.com
www.naijasplash.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.achieverprojectmaterial.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieverprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieverprojectmaterial.wordpress.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.wordpress.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.wordpress.com
www.archieverprojectmaterials.wordpress.com

THE ROLE OF RATIO ANALYSIS IN BUSINESS DECISIONS A CASE STUDY OF O. JACO BROS. ENT. (NIG.) LTD., ABA, ABIA STATE

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The two primary objectives of every business are profitability and solvency. Profitability is the ability of a business to make profit, while solvency is the ability of a business to pay debts as they come due. (Hermanson et al, 1992: 824). However, the achievement of these objectives requires efficient management of resources of the business through planning, budgeting, forecasting, control, and decision – making. Also, the strengths and weakness of the business need to be identified and necessary corrective measures applied. Interestingly, accounting provides information that facilitates these functions.
Basically, accounting measures and communicates economic information needed for decision –making. Thus, the American Accounting Association (in Okezie, 2002:1) defined accounting as “the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by the information”. Statement and the Balance Sheet. The Income Statement shows the profitability or profitability or operational result of a business, while the balance sheet shows the solvency or financial position of a business.
Although profiles are often used as the basis for judging the performance of a business, such profits must be related to the various items of the financial statements in order to be meaningful and useful for decision making. Furthermore, owing to the summarized nature of financial statements, a lot of truths are hidden in them. Thus, they need to the analyzed and interpreted by means of financial ratios to enable the users understand the meaning of the absolute amounts shown in them, and make informed business decisions.
In this regard, Essien (2006:144) observed:
Financial statements carry lots of financial Information that are hidden in the figures. The figures in financial statements become more useful when they are related to each other or to some other relevant financial data. Therefore, users of financial information go a further step to establish relationships (or ratios) among selected data in financial statements.
According to Igben (1999:423), “Accounting {or financial} ratio is a proportion or fraction or percentage expressing the relationship between one item in a set financial statements and another item in the financial statements. Accounting ratios are the most powerful of all tools used in analyzed and interpreting financial statements”. Therefore, ratio analysis involves taking stats of number (or items) out of financial statements and forming ratios with them, to enhance informed judgments and decisions (Lasher, 1997:66).
MCShane et al. (2000:336) defined decision-making as “a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the interior of moving toward some desired state of affairs.” Therefore, business decisions can be defined as choices relating to the allocation and/or use of business resources to achieve business goals.
Decision-making calls information. Bittel et al. (1984:340) observed: “Managers want information because they need to make decisions. The proper use of information is an important part of decision-making.” Remarkably, one of the effective ways of providing information needed for decision-making is ratio analysis.
Yes, business dictions of make or buy, investment or divestment, expansion or contration, capital-organization and reconstruction, and so on cannot be properly made without the aid of financial ratios. They give cue to the financial strengths and weaknesses of a business, and highlight aspects of a business requiring further investigation.
Therefore, this research is carried out to show ratio analysis help managers, shareholders, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders make informed judgments and decisions about the past performance, present condition, and futures potential of a business.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Financial information provided in financial statements are useful in business decisions. However, it must be noted that financial statements are means to an and not an end in themselves. Thus the use of financial statements in decision-making is not always easy owing to the following problems:
In view of the summarized nature of the information contained in financial statements, they need to be analyzed and interpreted by means of financial ratios to enable management and stakeholders understand them and make well-informed business decisions.
Many users of financial statements are not knowledgeable about accounting ratios and how the ratios can be applied to financial statements to aid decision-making.
Despite the immense benefits of ratio analysis, there are a lot of weaknesses or limitations associated with its use.
In view of the above stated problems, this research is embarked upon to identify the proper use of financial ratios, and the roles ratio analysis plays in business decisions.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In consideration of the problems identified above, the objective of this research include.
To show how ratio analysis facilitates proper understanding of information contained in financial statements.
To show how ratio analysis aids business decisions.
To examine the techniques used in analysis financial statements.
To identify the usefulness of financial ratios in measuring and predicting the performance and financial position of a business.
To unravel the obstacles to the proper use of financial ratios in business decisions.
To suggest on ways to enhance efficient use of ratio analysis in decision-making.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Is ratio analysis useful in evaluating and prediction the performance of a business as well as intensifying areas that regret improvement?
Do you agree with the fact that ratio analysis facilitates proper understanding of information contained in financial statements?
iii. Is ratio analysis useful to management investors, shareholders and creditors in their business divisions?
Does financial ratio helps to unravel the mass of truth hidden in financial statements?
Are there obstacles that affect the proper use of ratio analysis in business decisions?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is that on its completion, the following benefits will be derived:
The study will help management of O. Jaco Brros. Ent. (Nig.) Ltd, Aba and others to know how ratio analysis can help them understand the financial contained in financial statements and enhance their business decisions.
The findings of the research and the supportive reference materials will be of immense help to students in tertiary institutions and other researchers to investigate further in the area of study.
It is hoped that the result of the research will facilitate optimal business decisions when the recommendations are complied with.
The study will encourage businessmen, investors, managers, and government authorities to appreciate quantitative techniques like financial ratios when making economic and business decisions.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
According to Akpakpan (2005:7), “scope of the study is the limits or boundary lines of the study. It is the areas covered by the research or the extent the researchers would go. Limitations of the study are hindrances or obstacles witnessed by the researcher in the course of the study. Which could influence his conclusions.”
In view of the impossibility of covering every type of financial statement, this study is therefore restricted to the analysis of the income statement and the Balance Sheet by means of financial ratios. However, other analytical techniques such as horizontal analysis, vertical analysis and termed analysis would also be explained and illustrated.
Finally, although University Ratio Analysis is the core of the study, nevertheless, multivariate Ratio Analysis would be partly illustrated using Du pont Equations.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
In the course of this research work, the researcher was faced with some constraints which plaved a limit he the ability and performance of the researcher encountered the following constraints among others.
Insufficient Financial: The researcher needed a lot of money to travel as far as Aba to collect the necessary data from the firm under syudy. Money was also required to visit secondary data sources such as the internet, libraries, professional bodies, and so on.
Lack of Co-Operation: The unco-operative attitudes of many employees of the firm under study were not encouraging. Some of them were so biased and prejudiced that did not care to understand the purpose of the research. This resulted to their failure to provide sufficient information required for proper completion of the study.
Time Pressure: Time allowed was not enough for thorough completion of the research, in consideration of the fact we were also facing other academic studies during the semester.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE STUDY
Accounting: The process of recording, summarizing, analysis and interpreting financial (money-related) activities to permit individuals and organizations to make informed judgments and decisions. (Dansby et al., 2000: 1033).
Balance Sheet: A financial statement containing assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity or capital at a particular data or at the end of a particular period, to show the financial position of a organization. (Akpakpan, 2002:106).
Business: An activity, enterprise or organization established to provide goods and services at a profit, in order to satisfy human wants. (Ikon,2004:2).
Business Decision: Choices made on matters relating to the allocation and/or use of business resources for making, buying, selling, or supplying goods or services at a profit.
Decision-Making: A mental process by which an individual or group of individuals gather data and make a choice between two or more alternative courses action. (Ayandele, 2005:3).
Financial Ratio: A proportion, fraction, or percentage expressing the relationship between one item ion sett of financial statements and another item in the same financial statements. (Igben, 1999:423).
Financial Statement: Quantitative information on the economic activities of an organization prepared to show the result and the financial position of the entity, often presented in terms of Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Funds flow statement, and so on.
Income Statement: A financial statement often referred to as the trading and profit loss account, matching revenues against expense to show the profitability or operational results of an enterprise over a period of time, such as a month or year. (Hermanson et al. 1992:25).
Ratio: A fractional relationship of one number (or itme) to another. (Dansby et al. 2000:1047).
Ratio Analysis: A systematic review of accounting data by establishing relationships among various figures on the financial statements which bring together the results of the activities a business. (Omuya, 1983:430).
Role: The degree to which somebody or something is involved in a situation or an actively and the effect that they have on it. (Hornby et al.2000:1021).
1.9 BRIFF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF O. JACO BROS. ENT. (NIG). LTD. ABA STATE
Jaco Bros. Ent. (Nig) Ltd, Aba, Abia Sate was established in 1982. It started as a sole proprietorship business owned, runned, and managed by Nze Josephat Okolocha.
The firm is a trading concern. It specialized in sale, marketing, and distribution of various kinds of motorcycles, spare parts, and electric generators.
Meanwhile, in line with outstanding growth witnessed by the firm in the last couple of years, the organization is now an incorporated private limited liability company since 1999.
At present, the company has a total asset base of over N50 million and employs more than 30 workers. It has 6 branches. 4 in Aba, 1 in port Harcourt, and in Ekwulobia (Anambra State).
The head office located at 59, Jubilee Road, Aba, Abia State, (which is the center focus of this study), has 4 departments: the sales and marketing department, the purchasing and supply department, the Administration and personnel department, and the finance and Accounts Department.

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A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF TAXATION ON REVENUE GENERATION OF GOVERNMENT (A STUDY OF BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The tax system is one of the most powerful levies available to any government to stimulate and guide its economic and social development. The serious decline in price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the Federal and State Governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing source (Afuberoh, D. and Okoye, E., 2014).
Aguolu (2004), states that though taxation may not be the most important source of revenue to the government in terms of the magnitude of revenue derivable from taxation, however, taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government, from the point of view of certainty, and consistency of taxation.
Aguolu (2004) further mentioned that taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government. Owing to the inherent power of the government to impose taxes, the government is assured at all times of its tax revenue no matter the circumstances.
This study focuses on identifying the means taxation has been utilized to promote fiscal redistribution of income, identify problems that militate against the use of taxation as revenue generation in Abia State and to identify the use of taxation to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed over the years that income tax revenue has generally been grossly understated due to improper tax administration arising from under assessment and inefficient machinery for collection. In Nigeria revenue derived from income taxes has been grossly understated due to improper tax administration, assessment and collection (Ola, 2001; Oluba, 2008; Adegbie and Fakile, 2011). Persons and companies are known to routinely evade and avoid taxes due to corrupt practices and the existence of various loopholes in the tax laws.
Therefore, the success or failure of any tax system depends on the extent to which it is properly managed; the extent to which the tax law is properly interpreted and implemented. This study tries to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of Nigeria.
ii) To find out whether revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State.
iii) To assess whether taxation is a major tools for revenue generation in Abia State.
iv) To find out the problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax.
v) To give possible solutions to the identified problems in Board of Internal Revenue, Abia State.
vi) To make useful recommendations based on the findings of this study.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i) Has taxation impacted on revenue generation of Nigeria?
ii) Does revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State?
iii) Is taxation a major tool for revenue generation in Abia State?
iv) Are there any problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this research work is to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government. Thus, this study will at a wide-range be of benefit to the society at large, as it will highlight the importance of taxation in the society.
This study would also be of benefit to employers and employees of Board of Internal Revenue Service Abia State, who has been causing cases of tax evasion and non-disbursement of tax income as to the consequences of their acts and those that boom the burden.
It would also be of immense benefits to students of higher learning who may wish to carry out research on the similar topic.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is Board on Internal Revenue Service, Abia State and upon the research topic which is critical assessment of the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The limitation major to this study was inability of management to divulge certain information which they consider sensitive and fear of publication which might be detrimental to their operation.
Another limitation to the study is time constraint. The period within which the study is conducted is short for a thorough research work, hence gathering adequate information becomes very difficult.
Also, finance is one of the limitations to the study. They researcher facing financial constraints to meet all the needed educational requirements including this research work. This caused the researcher to restrict his research work to one State for possible completion of the study.
Also, distance and traffic congestion is one of the limitations of the study. The researcher faced challenges of meeting up the respondents in their offices due long distance from Akwa Ibom to Abia State to obtained information as well as traffics congestions.
Finally, lack of materials on the topic, therefore the researcher resolved to seek friendly approach in order to obtain the needed materials or information from the establishment or organization under study through the administration of questionnaire.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
a) TAXATION: This is the process of levying and collection of tax from taxable persons (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
b) TAX: This is a compulsory contribution imposed by the government on the citizens to pay as a source of income.
c) TAX EVASION: This is the deliberate and willful practice of not disclosing full taxable income so as to pay less tax or it is a contravention of the tax laws whereby a taxable person neglect to pay the tax due or reduces tax liability by making fraudulent or untrue claims on the income tax form (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
d) TAX AVOIDANCE: Tax avoidance has been defined as the arrangement of tax payer’s affairs using the tax shelters in the laws, and avoiding tax traps in the laws, so as to pay less tax than he or she would otherwise pay (Soyode & Kayola 2006).

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A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF TAXATION ON REVENUE GENERATION OF GOVERNMENT (A STUDY OF BOARD OF INTERNAL REVENUE, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The tax system is one of the most powerful levies available to any government to stimulate and guide its economic and social development. The serious decline in price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the Federal and State Governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing source (Afuberoh, D. and Okoye, E., 2014).
Aguolu (2004), states that though taxation may not be the most important source of revenue to the government in terms of the magnitude of revenue derivable from taxation, however, taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government, from the point of view of certainty, and consistency of taxation.
Aguolu (2004) further mentioned that taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government. Owing to the inherent power of the government to impose taxes, the government is assured at all times of its tax revenue no matter the circumstances.
This study focuses on identifying the means taxation has been utilized to promote fiscal redistribution of income, identify problems that militate against the use of taxation as revenue generation in Abia State and to identify the use of taxation to promote economic growth and development in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been observed over the years that income tax revenue has generally been grossly understated due to improper tax administration arising from under assessment and inefficient machinery for collection. In Nigeria revenue derived from income taxes has been grossly understated due to improper tax administration, assessment and collection (Ola, 2001; Oluba, 2008; Adegbie and Fakile, 2011). Persons and companies are known to routinely evade and avoid taxes due to corrupt practices and the existence of various loopholes in the tax laws.
Therefore, the success or failure of any tax system depends on the extent to which it is properly managed; the extent to which the tax law is properly interpreted and implemented. This study tries to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of Nigeria.
ii) To find out whether revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State.
iii) To assess whether taxation is a major tools for revenue generation in Abia State.
iv) To find out the problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax.
v) To give possible solutions to the identified problems in Board of Internal Revenue, Abia State.
vi) To make useful recommendations based on the findings of this study.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i) Has taxation impacted on revenue generation of Nigeria?
ii) Does revenue generation enhance growth and development of Abia State?
iii) Is taxation a major tool for revenue generation in Abia State?
iv) Are there any problems hindering Board of Internal Revenue in Abia State in collection of tax?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this research work is to examine the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government. Thus, this study will at a wide-range be of benefit to the society at large, as it will highlight the importance of taxation in the society.
This study would also be of benefit to employers and employees of Board of Internal Revenue Service Abia State, who has been causing cases of tax evasion and non-disbursement of tax income as to the consequences of their acts and those that boom the burden.
It would also be of immense benefits to students of higher learning who may wish to carry out research on the similar topic.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is Board on Internal Revenue Service, Abia State and upon the research topic which is critical assessment of the impact of taxation on revenue generation of government.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The limitation major to this study was inability of management to divulge certain information which they consider sensitive and fear of publication which might be detrimental to their operation.
Another limitation to the study is time constraint. The period within which the study is conducted is short for a thorough research work, hence gathering adequate information becomes very difficult.
Also, finance is one of the limitations to the study. They researcher facing financial constraints to meet all the needed educational requirements including this research work. This caused the researcher to restrict his research work to one State for possible completion of the study.
Also, distance and traffic congestion is one of the limitations of the study. The researcher faced challenges of meeting up the respondents in their offices due long distance from Akwa Ibom to Abia State to obtained information as well as traffics congestions.
Finally, lack of materials on the topic, therefore the researcher resolved to seek friendly approach in order to obtain the needed materials or information from the establishment or organization under study through the administration of questionnaire.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
a) TAXATION: This is the process of levying and collection of tax from taxable persons (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
b) TAX: This is a compulsory contribution imposed by the government on the citizens to pay as a source of income.
c) TAX EVASION: This is the deliberate and willful practice of not disclosing full taxable income so as to pay less tax or it is a contravention of the tax laws whereby a taxable person neglect to pay the tax due or reduces tax liability by making fraudulent or untrue claims on the income tax form (Soyode & Kayola 2006).
d) TAX AVOIDANCE: Tax avoidance has been defined as the arrangement of tax payer’s affairs using the tax shelters in the laws, and avoiding tax traps in the laws, so as to pay less tax than he or she would otherwise pay (Soyode & Kayola 2006).

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08140350866 or 08058580848

(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 3022179389
Bank: FIRST BANK.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 2060566256
Bank: UBA.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 0042695344
Bank: Diamond

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08058580848, 08140350866

YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:
YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:

www.greatmindsprojectmaterials.com
www.greatmindsprojectsolution.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.com
www.naijasplash.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.achieverprojectmaterial.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
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www.achieverprojectmaterial.wordpress.com
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www.archieverprojectmaterials.wordpress.com

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF NPK FERTILIZER ON CROP GROWTH (A CASE STUDY OF MICHAEL OPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Agriculture is a cardinal sector in the economy of any nation. Fertilizer application has over the period been essential in the effective growth of agricultural output. The importance of fertilizer in agriculture cannot be over emphasized; in other to effectively feed the nation and have enough to export, then understanding the importance of fertilizers is paramount. Fertilizers where effectively used from the 19th century in the world to grow crops amongst other things. There are basically two major types of fertilizer viz:
• Organic fertilizer
• Inorganic or synthetic fertilizers
These types of fertilizers have overtime help in boosting agricultural output in Nigeria and by extension help to boost our gross domestic product (GDP).
The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead compounds containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers. The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a dry matter (DM) (0% moisture) basis. Crops are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide. Although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins. To become nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a “fixed” form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (e.g. legumes) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by converting it to ammonia. Phosphate is required for the production of DNA, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids.
Micronutrients are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of parts per million (ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm DM, or less than 0.04% DM. These elements are often present at the active sites of enzymes that carry out the plant’s metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes) their impact far exceeds their weight percentage. Nitrogen being one of the most important nutrients needed for effective crop growth has prompted the effect of the NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
Nitrogen phosphorous potassium (NPK) fertilizer
The agriculture industry relies heavily on the use of NPK fertilizer. There are various nutrients that plants need for healthy and effective growth. Soils often lack these elements, either naturally, or as a result of over cultivation or depletion, and needs to have these nutrients into it.
NPK fertilizer is primarily composed of three main elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), each of these being essential in plant nutrition and growth. Among other benefits, Nitrogen helps plants grow quickly, while also increasing the production of seed and fruit, and bettering the quality of crops. Nitrogen is also a component of chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color, and also aids in photosynthesis which is the most important process in every crop development as a lot depends on how well a plant photosynthesizes.
Phosphorus, also a key player in the photosynthesis process, plays a vital role in a variety of the things needed by plants. Phosphorus supports the formation of oils, sugars, and starches.
Potassium, the third essential nutrient plants demand, assists in photosynthesis, fruit quality, the building of protein, and the reduction of disease.
While these three elements only scratch the surface of healthy plant nutrition and growth, they are the main nutrients required in the development of healthy, productive plants.
Aims and objectives of the study
• To know the effect of fertilizer on crop growth.
• To compare the crops fertilized with NPK with those not fertilized.
• To know the optimum quantity of fertilizer needed for effective growth of crops.
• To know the best combination of the NPK fertilizer required for healthy growth of crops.
Statement of the general problem
The decline of agricultural output which has made Nigeria to turn from a major agricultural exporter to a country that imports agricultural goods has prompted this research with a view to boosting our agricultural products by monitoring the effect of the NPK fertilizer on our crops.
Nigerian farmers especially the rural ones have always encountered problems on the best quantity and combination of these fertilizers that would increase their crop yield, the need to advice these teeming farmers has prompted us into this research.
Significance of the study
The findingsfrom this study seeks to educate the rural farmers on the best combination and quantity of the NPK fertilizer to be used so as to achieved increase in their agricultural output and at the same time avoid over application of this fertilizer thereby minimizing cost.
Scope of the study
The scope of this study is on the effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth using the federal university of agriculture Umuahia, Abiastate as a case study.
Limitation of the study
A major limitation of this study is on the retrieval of data as most of the crops under study died thus giving rise to missing values but these missing values were not statistically significant enough to affect the outcome of the study.
Research questions
• What is NPK fertilizer?
• What is the best combination of NPK fertilizer that would be best for a healthy growth of crops?
• What is the optimum quantity of NPK fertilizer that can be used on crops?
Research hypothesis
H0: there is no significant effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
H0: there is a significant effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
•
o Definition of terms
Fertilizer: a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.
NPK fertilizer:NPK fertilizer is primarily composed of three main elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), each of these being essential in plant nutrition. Nitrogen helps plants grow quicklyasPhosphorus supports the formation of oils, sugars, and starches. Potassium, being the third essential nutrient plants demand, assists in photosynthesis, fruit quality, the building of protein, and the reduction of disease.
Organic fertilizer:refers to a soil amendment derived from natural sources that guaranties, at least, the minimum percentages of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
Inorganic fertilizer:is a fertilizer mined from mineral deposits or manufactured from synthetic compounds
Crops:the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc grow.

REFERENCE
Anonymous, 2012.Ministry of Agriculture Statistical Year Book, vols. 25. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alam M.M. Effect of ammonia on the population of plant parasitic nematodes and growth of some vegetables. Pakistan J. Nematol. 1992;10:133–137.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Dawabah A.A.M. Present status of the cereal cyst nematode (Heteroderaavenae) in Saudi Arabia. In: Riley I.T., Nicol J.M., Dababat A.A., editors. Cereal Cyst Nematodes: Status, Research and Outlook. CIMMYT; Ankara, Turkey: 2009. pp. 56–60.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Ibrahim A.A.M., Abdul-Razig A.T. Occurrence, morphology and reproduction ofHeteroderaavenae on wheat and barley in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan J. Nematol. 1994;12:117–129.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Al-Yahya F.A., Abdul-Razig A.T. Damage and reproduction potentials ofHeteroderaavenae on wheat under outdoor conditions. J. Nematol. 1999;31(4S):662–666.
Al-Yahya F.A., Alderfasi A.A., Al-Hazmi A.S., Ibrahim A.A.M., Abdul-Razig A.T. Efects of cereal cyst nematode on growth and physiological aspects of wheat and barley under field conditions.Pakistan J. Nematol. 1998;16:55–62.
Barry E.R., Brown R.H., Elliott B.R. Cereal cyst nematode (Heteroderaavenae) in Victoria: influence of cultural practices on grain yields and nematode populations. Aust. J . Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb.1974;14:566–571.
Chavarria-Carvajal J.A., Rodriguez-Kabana R. Changes in soil enzymatic activity and control ofMeloidogyne incognita using four organic amendments. Nematropica. 1998;28:7–18.
Coyne D.L., Sahrawat K.L., Plowright R.A. The influence of mineral fertilizer application and plant nutrition on plant-parasitic nematodes in upland and lowland rice in Cote D’Ivoire and its implications in long term agricultural research trials. Exp. Agric. 2004;40:245–256.
Dhawan S.C., Nagesh M. On the relationship between population densities of Heteroderaavenae, growth of wheat and nematode multiplication. Indian J. Nematol. 1987;17:231–236.
Eno C.F., Blue W.G., Good J.M. The effects of anhydrous ammonia on nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and nitrification in some Florida soils. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1955;19:55–58.
Gill J.S., Swarup G. On the host range of cereal cyst nematode, Heteroderaavenae, the causal organism of ‘Molya’ disease of wheat and barley in Rajasthan, India. Indian J. Nematol. 1971;1:63–67.
Huebner R.A., Rodriguez-Kabana R., Patterson R.M. Hemicellulosic waste and urea for control of plant parasitic nematodes: effect on soil enzyme activities. Nematropica. 1983;13:37–54.

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF NPK FERTILIZER ON CROP GROWTH (A CASE STUDY OF MICHAEL OPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Agriculture is a cardinal sector in the economy of any nation. Fertilizer application has over the period been essential in the effective growth of agricultural output. The importance of fertilizer in agriculture cannot be over emphasized; in other to effectively feed the nation and have enough to export, then understanding the importance of fertilizers is paramount. Fertilizers where effectively used from the 19th century in the world to grow crops amongst other things. There are basically two major types of fertilizer viz:
• Organic fertilizer
• Inorganic or synthetic fertilizers
These types of fertilizers have overtime help in boosting agricultural output in Nigeria and by extension help to boost our gross domestic product (GDP).
The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead compounds containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers. The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a dry matter (DM) (0% moisture) basis. Crops are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide. Although nitrogen makes up most of the atmosphere, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in proteins. To become nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a “fixed” form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (e.g. legumes) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) by converting it to ammonia. Phosphate is required for the production of DNA, the main energy carrier in cells, as well as certain lipids.
Micronutrients are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of parts per million (ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm DM, or less than 0.04% DM. These elements are often present at the active sites of enzymes that carry out the plant’s metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes) their impact far exceeds their weight percentage. Nitrogen being one of the most important nutrients needed for effective crop growth has prompted the effect of the NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
Nitrogen phosphorous potassium (NPK) fertilizer
The agriculture industry relies heavily on the use of NPK fertilizer. There are various nutrients that plants need for healthy and effective growth. Soils often lack these elements, either naturally, or as a result of over cultivation or depletion, and needs to have these nutrients into it.
NPK fertilizer is primarily composed of three main elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), each of these being essential in plant nutrition and growth. Among other benefits, Nitrogen helps plants grow quickly, while also increasing the production of seed and fruit, and bettering the quality of crops. Nitrogen is also a component of chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color, and also aids in photosynthesis which is the most important process in every crop development as a lot depends on how well a plant photosynthesizes.
Phosphorus, also a key player in the photosynthesis process, plays a vital role in a variety of the things needed by plants. Phosphorus supports the formation of oils, sugars, and starches.
Potassium, the third essential nutrient plants demand, assists in photosynthesis, fruit quality, the building of protein, and the reduction of disease.
While these three elements only scratch the surface of healthy plant nutrition and growth, they are the main nutrients required in the development of healthy, productive plants.
Aims and objectives of the study
• To know the effect of fertilizer on crop growth.
• To compare the crops fertilized with NPK with those not fertilized.
• To know the optimum quantity of fertilizer needed for effective growth of crops.
• To know the best combination of the NPK fertilizer required for healthy growth of crops.
Statement of the general problem
The decline of agricultural output which has made Nigeria to turn from a major agricultural exporter to a country that imports agricultural goods has prompted this research with a view to boosting our agricultural products by monitoring the effect of the NPK fertilizer on our crops.
Nigerian farmers especially the rural ones have always encountered problems on the best quantity and combination of these fertilizers that would increase their crop yield, the need to advice these teeming farmers has prompted us into this research.
Significance of the study
The findingsfrom this study seeks to educate the rural farmers on the best combination and quantity of the NPK fertilizer to be used so as to achieved increase in their agricultural output and at the same time avoid over application of this fertilizer thereby minimizing cost.
Scope of the study
The scope of this study is on the effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth using the federal university of agriculture Umuahia, Abiastate as a case study.
Limitation of the study
A major limitation of this study is on the retrieval of data as most of the crops under study died thus giving rise to missing values but these missing values were not statistically significant enough to affect the outcome of the study.
Research questions
• What is NPK fertilizer?
• What is the best combination of NPK fertilizer that would be best for a healthy growth of crops?
• What is the optimum quantity of NPK fertilizer that can be used on crops?
Research hypothesis
H0: there is no significant effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
H0: there is a significant effect of NPK fertilizer on crop growth.
•
o Definition of terms
Fertilizer: a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.
NPK fertilizer:NPK fertilizer is primarily composed of three main elements: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), each of these being essential in plant nutrition. Nitrogen helps plants grow quicklyasPhosphorus supports the formation of oils, sugars, and starches. Potassium, being the third essential nutrient plants demand, assists in photosynthesis, fruit quality, the building of protein, and the reduction of disease.
Organic fertilizer:refers to a soil amendment derived from natural sources that guaranties, at least, the minimum percentages of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
Inorganic fertilizer:is a fertilizer mined from mineral deposits or manufactured from synthetic compounds
Crops:the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc grow.

REFERENCE
Anonymous, 2012.Ministry of Agriculture Statistical Year Book, vols. 25. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alam M.M. Effect of ammonia on the population of plant parasitic nematodes and growth of some vegetables. Pakistan J. Nematol. 1992;10:133–137.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Dawabah A.A.M. Present status of the cereal cyst nematode (Heteroderaavenae) in Saudi Arabia. In: Riley I.T., Nicol J.M., Dababat A.A., editors. Cereal Cyst Nematodes: Status, Research and Outlook. CIMMYT; Ankara, Turkey: 2009. pp. 56–60.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Ibrahim A.A.M., Abdul-Razig A.T. Occurrence, morphology and reproduction ofHeteroderaavenae on wheat and barley in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan J. Nematol. 1994;12:117–129.
Al-Hazmi A.S., Al-Yahya F.A., Abdul-Razig A.T. Damage and reproduction potentials ofHeteroderaavenae on wheat under outdoor conditions. J. Nematol. 1999;31(4S):662–666.
Al-Yahya F.A., Alderfasi A.A., Al-Hazmi A.S., Ibrahim A.A.M., Abdul-Razig A.T. Efects of cereal cyst nematode on growth and physiological aspects of wheat and barley under field conditions.Pakistan J. Nematol. 1998;16:55–62.
Barry E.R., Brown R.H., Elliott B.R. Cereal cyst nematode (Heteroderaavenae) in Victoria: influence of cultural practices on grain yields and nematode populations. Aust. J . Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb.1974;14:566–571.
Chavarria-Carvajal J.A., Rodriguez-Kabana R. Changes in soil enzymatic activity and control ofMeloidogyne incognita using four organic amendments. Nematropica. 1998;28:7–18.
Coyne D.L., Sahrawat K.L., Plowright R.A. The influence of mineral fertilizer application and plant nutrition on plant-parasitic nematodes in upland and lowland rice in Cote D’Ivoire and its implications in long term agricultural research trials. Exp. Agric. 2004;40:245–256.
Dhawan S.C., Nagesh M. On the relationship between population densities of Heteroderaavenae, growth of wheat and nematode multiplication. Indian J. Nematol. 1987;17:231–236.
Eno C.F., Blue W.G., Good J.M. The effects of anhydrous ammonia on nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and nitrification in some Florida soils. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 1955;19:55–58.
Gill J.S., Swarup G. On the host range of cereal cyst nematode, Heteroderaavenae, the causal organism of ‘Molya’ disease of wheat and barley in Rajasthan, India. Indian J. Nematol. 1971;1:63–67.
Huebner R.A., Rodriguez-Kabana R., Patterson R.M. Hemicellulosic waste and urea for control of plant parasitic nematodes: effect on soil enzyme activities. Nematropica. 1983;13:37–54.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

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OR
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HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
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No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08058580848, 08140350866

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A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE RESPONSE OF CROPS TO FERTILIZER AND SOIL TYPES. (A CASE STUDY OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Crop production is an integral part of agriculture, the other half is animal production or husbandry. Crop production can either be on a subsistence or commercial level. It is subsistence when the farmer produces for himself and family with a little for sale but it can be commercial when the farmer produces in a large scale for market consumption. Whichever type of production a farmer wants to embark upon, the knowledge of fertilizer and the nature of the soil is of utmost importance as this would go a long way in determining the farmers output. Since the 90’s agriculture in Nigeria that use to be at the front burner as the nation’s chief income earner as suddenly taken a back stage as a result of over dependency on crude. Agriculture overtime as been a major sustainer of Nigeria’s economy before the discovery of crude oil otherwise known as black gold (okoro 2005).
Since its relegation to the background in Nigeria, it has been practiced at an alarming peasant level with most of the active stakeholder been largely subsistence agriculturists. Soil and fertilizer type are very significant factors in crop production. It is highly heterogeneous and this is the cause of differential rates of growth and yield on a parcel of land planted to the same crop at the same time and with the same management package (Olalokun, 1998). This is a source of frustration to crop farming as farmers cannot think of a particular management package suitable for their farmlands. Intensive cultivation and fertilizer application have become the cardinal aspect of soil management especially in the West African sub region. The Response to fertilizer application in some cases is nothing to write home about; hence many farmers have been forced to abandon their farmlands.
Types of fertilizers
Fertilizers can broadly be grouped into two parts namely:
• Organic fertilizers
As the name implies, these are fertilizers derived from human excreta, animal and plant matter such as compost and manure. Organic fertilizers generally have lower nutrient concentration than inorganic fertilizers.
Advantages of organic fertilizers
The following are the advantages of organic fertilizers
• They do not harm or burn plants when excessively applied on crops.
• They do not damage ground water.
• When applied on farmlands, they have long term positive effects on farmlands.
• Organic fertilizers are renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.
• Although rather expensive in packages, you can make your own organic fertilizer by composting or find inexpensive sources—such as local dairy farms—that may sell composted manure.
Disadvantages of organic fertilizers
• Organic fertilizers break down according to nature’s rules, so they may not release nutrients as soon as you need them. You have to be patient – you won’t see improvement overnight. In fact, you may actually see a deficiency in your plants during the first couple of months until the first application breaks down. Hang in there! You’ll most definitely be rewarded.
• Nutrient ratios are often unknown, and the overall percentage is lower than chemical fertilizers. However, some organic products are actually higher in certain nutrients.

• Inorganic fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic fertilizers that are produced from chemical or synthetic materials with defined proportion of desired chemicals that are beneficial to crops.
Advantages of inorganic fertilizers
• Since nutrients are available to the plants immediately, improvement occurs in days.
• They are highly analyzed to produce the exact ratio of nutrients desired.
• Standardized labeling makes ratios and chemical sources easy to understand.
• They’re inexpensive.
Disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers
• If excessively applied, they can burn or harm plants.
• When applied, it can cause water or air pollution.
• Chemical fertilizers tend to leach, or filter away from the plants, requiring additional applications.
• Long-term use of chemical fertilizer can change the soil pH, upset beneficial microbial ecosystems, increase pests, and even contribute to the release of greenhouse gases.

•
o STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM
In Nigeria today, crop production has been largely inconsistent resulting to the lack of knowledge of the combination of soil type and fertilizer. This has led to general under production of crops in Nigeria. An adequate knowledge on the right combination would help to increase crop production and maintain that for a long time. There is equally a concern by farmers and researchers on the best type of fertilizer between organic and inorganic fertilizers to be used to increase crop yield. Researchers are also interested in knowing if inorganic or organic fertilizers performances are soil based. Another problem of farmers is to know the relationship between soil type and crop yield.
•
o AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at the following:
• To know if there is a relationship and the nature of this relationship (if any) between soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
• To know if there is a relationship between soil type and crop yield.
• To know if there is a relationship between fertilizer type and crop yield.
• To know the best combination of fertilizer and soil type that yields more crops.

•
o SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance or importance of this study is mainly to know if there is any relationship between fertilizer type, nature of soil and crop yield. Another importance of this survey is to know the soil type that encourages more crop yield. A major significance of this study is to know if there is a relationship between the following:
Soil type and crop yield, soil fertilizer type and crop yield. The nature of these relationships (if any) is also of utmost importance to us.
•
o SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study as the topic depicts, the scope of the study will be focused on how crops respond to the types of fertilization in each of the different types of soils. Another scope is to know if a relationship exists between fertilizer type, soil type and crop yield. A major scope is to know the best combination of fertilizer type and soil nature or type that enhances crop yield. In the earlier stage of the study there is a detailed coverage of the techniques and methods used in judging whether crops responded well or not to fertilization by looking at their performances.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It is necessary to mention some of the limitation of this research work. The chief limitation is the difficulty in obtaining relevant information in that a few of our values were missing but these missing values were not statistically significant enough to be noticed.
Notwithstanding, in the highlighted limitation above, it is hoped that this research will be useful to agricultural researchers, farmers and other similar organization that may want to know the general response of crops to the types of fertilization on different soils.
•
o DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Organic: produced by or from living things.
• Inorganic: not consisting of or coming from any living substances.
• Fertilizer: a substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully.
• Crops: a plant that is grown in large quantities, especially as food.
• Synthetic: artificial; made by combining chemical substances rather than being produced naturally by plants or animals.
• Soil: the top layer of the earth, in which plants, trees etc grow.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The research hypotheses are as follows:
HYPOTHESIS 1
H0: there is no significant relationship between the fertilizer used and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the fertilizer used and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 2
H0: there is no significant relationship between the soil type and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the soil type and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 3
H0: there is no significant relationship between the soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.

HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08140350866 or 08058580848

(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) immediately we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 3022179389
Bank: FIRST BANK.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 2060566256
Bank: UBA.

OR
Account Name: AKINYEMI OLUWATOSIN
Account Number: 0042695344
Bank: Diamond

HOW TO IDENTIFY SCAM/FRAUD
As a result of fraud in Nigeria, people don’t believe there are good online businesses in Nigeria.

But on this site, we have provided “table of content and chapter one” of all our project topics and materials in order to convince you that we have the complete materials.

Secondly, we have provided our Bank Account on this site. Our Bank Account contains all information about the owner of this website. For your own security, all payment should be made in the bank.

No Fraudulent company uses Bank Account as a means of payment, because Bank Account contains the overall information of the owner

CAUTION/WARNING
Please, DO NOT COPY any of our materials on this website WORD-TO-WORD. These materials are to assist, direct you during your project. Study the materials carefully and use the information in them to develop your own new copy. Copying these materials word-to-word is CHEATING/ ILLEGAL because it affects Educational standard, and we will not be held responsible for it. If you must copy word-to-word please do not order/buy.

That you ordered this material shows you have agreed not to copy word-to-word.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08058580848, 08140350866

YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:
YOU CAN ALSO VISIT:

www.greatmindsprojectmaterials.com
www.greatmindsprojectsolution.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.com
www.naijasplash.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.achieverprojectmaterial.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.archieverprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieversprojectmaterials.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieverprojectmaterial.blogspot.com.ng
www.achieverprojectmaterial.wordpress.com
www.achieversprojectmaterials.wordpress.com
www.acheiversprojectmaterials.wordpress.com
www.archieverprojectmaterials.wordpress.com

A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE RESPONSE OF CROPS TO FERTILIZER AND SOIL TYPES. (A CASE STUDY OF THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Crop production is an integral part of agriculture, the other half is animal production or husbandry. Crop production can either be on a subsistence or commercial level. It is subsistence when the farmer produces for himself and family with a little for sale but it can be commercial when the farmer produces in a large scale for market consumption. Whichever type of production a farmer wants to embark upon, the knowledge of fertilizer and the nature of the soil is of utmost importance as this would go a long way in determining the farmers output. Since the 90’s agriculture in Nigeria that use to be at the front burner as the nation’s chief income earner as suddenly taken a back stage as a result of over dependency on crude. Agriculture overtime as been a major sustainer of Nigeria’s economy before the discovery of crude oil otherwise known as black gold (okoro 2005).
Since its relegation to the background in Nigeria, it has been practiced at an alarming peasant level with most of the active stakeholder been largely subsistence agriculturists. Soil and fertilizer type are very significant factors in crop production. It is highly heterogeneous and this is the cause of differential rates of growth and yield on a parcel of land planted to the same crop at the same time and with the same management package (Olalokun, 1998). This is a source of frustration to crop farming as farmers cannot think of a particular management package suitable for their farmlands. Intensive cultivation and fertilizer application have become the cardinal aspect of soil management especially in the West African sub region. The Response to fertilizer application in some cases is nothing to write home about; hence many farmers have been forced to abandon their farmlands.
Types of fertilizers
Fertilizers can broadly be grouped into two parts namely:
• Organic fertilizers
As the name implies, these are fertilizers derived from human excreta, animal and plant matter such as compost and manure. Organic fertilizers generally have lower nutrient concentration than inorganic fertilizers.
Advantages of organic fertilizers
The following are the advantages of organic fertilizers
• They do not harm or burn plants when excessively applied on crops.
• They do not damage ground water.
• When applied on farmlands, they have long term positive effects on farmlands.
• Organic fertilizers are renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.
• Although rather expensive in packages, you can make your own organic fertilizer by composting or find inexpensive sources—such as local dairy farms—that may sell composted manure.
Disadvantages of organic fertilizers
• Organic fertilizers break down according to nature’s rules, so they may not release nutrients as soon as you need them. You have to be patient – you won’t see improvement overnight. In fact, you may actually see a deficiency in your plants during the first couple of months until the first application breaks down. Hang in there! You’ll most definitely be rewarded.
• Nutrient ratios are often unknown, and the overall percentage is lower than chemical fertilizers. However, some organic products are actually higher in certain nutrients.

• Inorganic fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic fertilizers that are produced from chemical or synthetic materials with defined proportion of desired chemicals that are beneficial to crops.
Advantages of inorganic fertilizers
• Since nutrients are available to the plants immediately, improvement occurs in days.
• They are highly analyzed to produce the exact ratio of nutrients desired.
• Standardized labeling makes ratios and chemical sources easy to understand.
• They’re inexpensive.
Disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers
• If excessively applied, they can burn or harm plants.
• When applied, it can cause water or air pollution.
• Chemical fertilizers tend to leach, or filter away from the plants, requiring additional applications.
• Long-term use of chemical fertilizer can change the soil pH, upset beneficial microbial ecosystems, increase pests, and even contribute to the release of greenhouse gases.

•
o STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM
In Nigeria today, crop production has been largely inconsistent resulting to the lack of knowledge of the combination of soil type and fertilizer. This has led to general under production of crops in Nigeria. An adequate knowledge on the right combination would help to increase crop production and maintain that for a long time. There is equally a concern by farmers and researchers on the best type of fertilizer between organic and inorganic fertilizers to be used to increase crop yield. Researchers are also interested in knowing if inorganic or organic fertilizers performances are soil based. Another problem of farmers is to know the relationship between soil type and crop yield.
•
o AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at the following:
• To know if there is a relationship and the nature of this relationship (if any) between soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
• To know if there is a relationship between soil type and crop yield.
• To know if there is a relationship between fertilizer type and crop yield.
• To know the best combination of fertilizer and soil type that yields more crops.

•
o SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance or importance of this study is mainly to know if there is any relationship between fertilizer type, nature of soil and crop yield. Another importance of this survey is to know the soil type that encourages more crop yield. A major significance of this study is to know if there is a relationship between the following:
Soil type and crop yield, soil fertilizer type and crop yield. The nature of these relationships (if any) is also of utmost importance to us.
•
o SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study as the topic depicts, the scope of the study will be focused on how crops respond to the types of fertilization in each of the different types of soils. Another scope is to know if a relationship exists between fertilizer type, soil type and crop yield. A major scope is to know the best combination of fertilizer type and soil nature or type that enhances crop yield. In the earlier stage of the study there is a detailed coverage of the techniques and methods used in judging whether crops responded well or not to fertilization by looking at their performances.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It is necessary to mention some of the limitation of this research work. The chief limitation is the difficulty in obtaining relevant information in that a few of our values were missing but these missing values were not statistically significant enough to be noticed.
Notwithstanding, in the highlighted limitation above, it is hoped that this research will be useful to agricultural researchers, farmers and other similar organization that may want to know the general response of crops to the types of fertilization on different soils.
•
o DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Organic: produced by or from living things.
• Inorganic: not consisting of or coming from any living substances.
• Fertilizer: a substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully.
• Crops: a plant that is grown in large quantities, especially as food.
• Synthetic: artificial; made by combining chemical substances rather than being produced naturally by plants or animals.
• Soil: the top layer of the earth, in which plants, trees etc grow.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The research hypotheses are as follows:
HYPOTHESIS 1
H0: there is no significant relationship between the fertilizer used and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the fertilizer used and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 2
H0: there is no significant relationship between the soil type and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the soil type and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.
HYPOTHESIS 3
H0: there is no significant relationship between the soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
H1: there is a significant relationship between the soil type, fertilizer type and crop yield.
Level of significance: 0.05
Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.

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